Robert Smith: The Life Story Behind the Cure Frontman
In this post
Robert Smith is the singer, guitarist, and songwriter behind the Cure, one of the most distinctive and enduring bands in British music, and he is instantly recognisable, with his wild black hair, his smeared red lipstick, and his black clothes. He has been making music for more than forty-five years, with songs such as “Boys Don’t Cry”, “Just Like Heaven”, “Lovesong”, and “Friday I’m in Love”, songs that are sad, romantic, funny, and beautiful, often at the same time. He has also been a private, shy, and fiercely independent musician, who has refused to follow fashion, who has kept the Cure going through many changes, and who has built a loyal audience around the world, without ever becoming a typical rock star.
He was born in Blackpool, grew up in Crawley, and formed the Cure with his school friends, a band that started as a punk-influenced group and became one of the most original bands of the 1980s. He was the singer, the songwriter, and the leader, and he wrote songs about love, about loss, about loneliness, and about the joy of being alive, even when life is hard. He has also worked with other bands, including Siouxsie and the Banshees, he has written music for films, and he has kept the Cure touring and recording, even when the music business told him that his time had passed. He is still performing, still recording, and still wearing black, and his story shows that a shy boy from Crawley can become a rock star, by trusting his own vision and by refusing to change for anyone.
His story is about darkness and light, about sadness and joy, and about the power of a song to make you feel less alone. He has written songs that have helped millions of people through hard times, and he has done it with a voice that is fragile, expressive, and unmistakably his own. He is a musician who has never stopped, who has never given up, and who has kept the Cure alive, through thick and thin, for nearly half a century.
Growing Up in Crawley
Robert James Smith was born on 21 April 1959 in Blackpool, Lancashire, to James and Rita Smith. His father worked as a laboratory technician, and his mother worked as a nurse, and the family moved to Crawley, in West Sussex, when Robert was young. Crawley was a new town, built after the Second World War, with rows of houses, with schools, and with a strong sense of community. Robert grew up in a house where music was a regular part of life, and where his parents encouraged him to be creative, to read, and to think for himself.
He went to school in Crawley, at St Francis’ Primary School and then at Notre Dame Middle School, and he was a quiet, thoughtful boy, who liked to draw, who liked to read, and who liked to play music. He learned to play the guitar as a teenager, and he began to write songs in his bedroom, about the things he saw around him. He was not a loud child, and he did not seek attention, but he had a talent for music that was obvious to anyone who heard him play. He also liked to listen to records, including the Beatles, David Bowie, and the punk bands that were becoming popular in the late 1970s.
Crawley in the 1970s was a town with a growing music scene, with pubs, clubs, and halls where young bands could play, and Robert began to play in local bands, learning how to perform in front of an audience. He formed a band with his school friends, including Michael Dempsey, Laurence Tolhurst, and Porl Thompson, and the band rehearsed in garages and in bedrooms, playing covers of punk songs and then writing their own material. Those early rehearsals were the start of the Cure, and they were also the start of a friendship that would last for many years.
He also developed a love of literature, and of poetry, reading the work of writers such as Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre, whose ideas about existence, about loneliness, and about the absurdity of life influenced his own songwriting. He liked the way those writers could turn a simple idea into a profound statement, and he wanted to do the same with his songs. That influence can be heard in his early work, which is full of images of darkness, of rain, of empty streets, and of people who feel alone in a crowded world.
When he left school, he did not go to university. He decided to try music instead, and he formed the Cure with his friends, rehearsing, playing in pubs, and sending demo tapes to record companies. He was still a teenager, he was still living at home, and he was already writing songs that were good enough to be noticed by people in the music business. That is a rare talent, and it is one that would soon make him famous.
He also learned to be independent, to rely on himself, and to not wait for someone else to give him a chance. He worked in odd jobs, he played in small bands, and he kept writing songs, even when no one was listening. He was patient, he was determined, and he was lucky, because his talent was noticed at just the right time. A record company in London was looking for a new band, and the Cure, with Robert as the singer, was the band they found.
The Cure, Boys Don’t Cry, and the Early Years
The Cure were formed in Crawley in 1978, with Robert Smith on vocals and guitar, Michael Dempsey on bass, and Laurence Tolhurst on drums. They were signed by Fiction Records, and they released their first single, “Killing an Arab”, in December 1978, a song inspired by Albert Camus’ novel “The Stranger”. The song was controversial, because of its title, but it was also a sign of Robert’s literary interests, and of his willingness to write about difficult subjects. The band’s first album, “Three Imaginary Boys”, was released in May 1979, and it included the songs “10:15 Saturday Night” and “Boys Don’t Cry”.
“Boys Don’t Cry” was released as a single in June 1979, and it became one of the Cure’s most famous songs, a short, jangly, pop song about a boy who tries not to cry after losing a girl, and who fails. Robert sang it with a voice that was both sad and defiant, and the song became a hit, first in Britain, and then around the world. It is still one of the most played Cure songs, and it is still sung by crowds at concerts today. Robert was twenty, he was a star, and he was being praised as one of the best young songwriters in Britain.
The band’s early albums, including “Seventeen Seconds” in 1980 and “Faith” in 1981, were darker, more atmospheric records, with songs about loneliness, about death, and about the coldness of the world. Robert wrote the songs, and he sang them with a voice that was fragile and intense, and the band’s sound became more distinctive, with guitars that sounded like rain, with bass lines that were melodic and mournful, and with drums that were simple and hypnotic. The band were now known as a goth band, although Robert has always resisted that label, saying that the Cure are a pop band, not a goth band.
He also worked with other bands during this period, including Siouxsie and the Banshees, for whom he played guitar on tour in 1979 and again in 1982, and on the album “Hyæna” in 1984. Working with Siouxsie taught him a great deal about performance, about stagecraft, and about how to be a frontman, and it also gave him a chance to play a different kind of music. He has said that the experience made him a better musician, and that it helped him to understand the Cure’s sound more clearly.
The band continued to release albums, including “Pornography” in 1982, which was a dark, intense record, made at a time when Robert was drinking heavily and was depressed. The album was praised by critics, but it was a difficult record to listen to, and it showed how far Robert was willing to go to express his feelings. He has said that the album was a low point in his life, and that he was unhappy at the time, but that the music helped him through it. That honesty about his struggles is part of why fans love him.
He also began to develop his image during this period, with wild black hair, smeared red lipstick, and black clothes, a look that became instantly recognisable. The image was not a costume. It was a way of expressing how he felt inside, and it became a symbol for fans who felt different, who felt sad, and who felt that the Cure’s music understood them. Robert did not set out to become a fashion icon, but he became one, because his image was so distinctive and so honest.
Just Like Heaven, Disintegration, and the Biggest Band
In the mid-1980s, the Cure became more successful, with albums such as “The Head on the Door” in 1985, which included the hits “In Between Days” and “Close to Me”, and “Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me” in 1987, which included the hit “Just Like Heaven”. The albums were more pop-oriented, with brighter melodies, with more accessible songs, and with Robert’s voice becoming more confident and more expressive. The band were now playing to larger audiences, in Britain, in Europe, and in America, and they were becoming one of the biggest alternative bands in the world.
“Just Like Heaven” became one of the Cure’s most famous songs, a beautiful, romantic ballad about love, about a girl, and about the feeling of being in heaven when you are with someone you love. Robert wrote the song, and he sang it with a voice that was tender and joyful, and the song became a hit, reaching the top forty in Britain and in America. It is still one of the most played Cure songs, and it is still sung by crowds at concerts today. Robert was in his late twenties, he was a star, and he was writing songs that were both sad and happy, often at the same time.
The band’s eighth album, “Disintegration”, was released in May 1989, and it is widely regarded as the Cure’s masterpiece. It included the songs “Lovesong”, “Pictures of You”, and “Fascination Street”, and it was a dark, romantic, atmospheric record, with songs about love, about loss, and about the fear of growing older. Robert wrote the album at a time when he was turning thirty, and when he was thinking about his life, about his career, and about what it means to grow up. The album reached number three in Britain and number twelve in America, and it sold millions of copies around the world.
“Lovesong” became the Cure’s biggest hit in America, reaching number two on the Billboard chart, and it is still one of the most loved songs in the band’s catalogue. Robert wrote the song for his wife, Mary Poole, whom he married in 1988, and it is a simple, beautiful declaration of love, sung with a voice that is both vulnerable and strong. The song showed a different side of Robert, a romantic, tender side, that was often hidden behind the dark image. He was now a married man, a successful musician, and a songwriter who could write a love song as well as a song about sadness.
The band toured to support “Disintegration”, playing to stadiums and to festivals, including a headline performance at Glastonbury in 1986 and again in 1990, which were triumphs. Robert stood on stage, in black, with his hair wild, and he sang to tens of thousands of people, making it look like a private performance, intimate and intense, even in a huge field. He was now one of the most famous frontmen in British music, but he did not enjoy fame, and he began to feel the pressure of being in a famous band.
He also faced changes in the band during this period, with members leaving and new members joining, and with arguments about the direction of the music. Robert was the leader, and he took that role seriously, but it was hard to keep a band together for so long, especially when the members had different ideas. He has said that the Cure is his band, and that he is the one who decides what the band does, and that is a position that has caused friction, but it has also kept the band going for more than forty years.
Friday I’m in Love, Wish, and the Nineties
The Cure released their ninth album, “Wish”, in April 1992, and it included the hit “Friday I’m in Love”, a bright, joyful, pop song about the happiness of Friday, about the weekend, and about being in love. The song was a surprise, because it was so cheerful, so different from the dark, sad songs that the Cure were known for, but it became a huge hit, reaching number six in Britain and number eighteen in America. Robert wrote the song quickly, as a joke, and he did not expect it to become a hit, but it did, and it became one of the band’s most famous songs. It showed that Robert could write a happy song as well as a sad one, and that he had a sense of humour that was often hidden behind the black clothes.
“Wish” was a success, reaching number one in Britain, and the band toured to support it, playing to large audiences around the world. Robert was now in his early thirties, he was a star, and he was writing songs that were both sad and happy, often in the same album. He was also becoming more confident as a performer, and his concerts were praised for their length, often lasting for three hours, with the band playing dozens of songs, from the early hits to the new material. He was a generous performer, who gave the audience everything he had, night after night.
The band continued to release albums in the 1990s, including “Wild Mood Swings” in 1996 and “Bloodflowers” in 2000, but the albums were less commercially successful than “Disintegration” and “Wish”, and the band began to fade from the charts. Robert was not worried, because he had never been motivated by chart success. He was motivated by the music, by the fans, and by the desire to keep making records that he was proud of. He continued to tour, he continued to write, and he kept the Cure going, even when the music business told him that his time had passed.
He also worked on other projects during this period, including writing music for films, and collaborating with other musicians, but his main focus was always the Cure. He has said that the Cure is his life’s work, and that he will keep making music with the band for as long as he can. That commitment is rare, and it is one of the reasons the band has lasted so long. Many bands split up after a few years, but the Cure have kept going, through changes in the music business, through changes in fashion, and through changes in the band itself, because Robert has kept them going.
He also became known for his refusal to compromise, for his insistence on making the music he wants to make, in the way he wants to make it, without interference from record companies. He has fought with record labels, he has argued with managers, and he has insisted on controlling the band’s work, from the songs to the album covers to the stage design. That independence has cost him money and fame, but it has also given him freedom, and that freedom is part of why the Cure’s music still feels so personal and so honest.
Later Albums, Songs of a Lost World, and the Man Today
In the 2000s and 2010s, the Cure continued to tour and to record, releasing the albums “The Cure” in 2004 and “4:13 Dream” in 2008, and playing to large audiences around the world, including headline performances at festivals such as Glastonbury, Coachella, and Primavera Sound. Robert was now in his fifties, he had been in the Cure for more than thirty years, and he was still performing with the same energy and the same passion as when he was twenty. His concerts were long, generous, and emotional, with the audience singing along to every word, from “Boys Don’t Cry” to “Friday I’m in Love”.
In 2019, the Cure were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, a recognition of their work as one of the most important and influential bands of the last forty years. Robert accepted the honour with his usual modesty, thanking the fans, the band, and his wife Mary, and saying that the Cure’s music belongs to the audience as much as to the band. It was a proud moment, and it showed that the band’s contribution to music was recognised beyond their loyal fanbase.
In 2024, the Cure released their fourteenth album, “Songs of a Lost World”, their first new album in sixteen years, and it was a triumph. The album was dark, atmospheric, and beautiful, with songs about loss, about ageing, and about the world as it is today. Robert wrote the album after the death of his brother and his mother, and the songs are full of grief, but also full of hope. The album reached number one in Britain, it was praised by critics, and it showed that Robert, at sixty-five, could still write great songs, and that the Cure were still relevant, even after forty-six years together.
He lives in Sussex with his wife Mary, whom he married in 1988, and he is known for being a private person, who does not seek out the cameras when he is not working. He likes to spend time at home, he likes to read, and he likes to write songs in his studio. He has also spoken about the importance of looking after your mental health, and about the need to talk about your feelings, especially for men who find it hard to do so. That openness is a sign of how much he has grown since he was a shy boy in Crawley.
His legacy is not just the songs he wrote for the Cure, although those songs will always be part of rock history. It is also the example of a musician who refused to change for fashion, who kept making music on his own terms, and who built a loyal audience around the world, by being honest, by being vulnerable, and by writing songs that help people feel less alone. He showed that a shy, sensitive person can become a rock star, by trusting his own vision and by refusing to give up. That is a remarkable achievement, and it is one that deserves respect.
He is still working, still writing, and still performing, and his story is not over. He has said that he wants to keep making music with the Cure for as long as he can, and that he wants to keep touring, for as long as the audience wants to hear them. He is a man who loves music, who loves his wife, and who has learned, through success and through loss, what really matters. That is a good place to be, and it is a good story to tell.
The Cure Live, Fans, and the Man Today
Robert Smith is known for his long, generous concerts, often lasting for three hours, with the band playing dozens of songs, from the early hits to the new material. He gives the audience everything he has, night after night, and he does it because he respects his fans, and because he believes that a concert should be a special event, not a short, routine performance. His concerts are praised by fans and by critics alike, for their length, for their emotion, and for the way Robert sings every song as if it is the first time. That generosity is rare, and it is one of the reasons the Cure’s concerts are so special.
He has also built a loyal audience around the world, with fans who have followed the Cure for more than forty years, and who have passed their love of the band on to their children. Those fans are known for their loyalty, for their black clothes, and for their love of Robert’s music, and they have created a community around the band, with fan clubs, with websites, and with gatherings at concerts. Robert respects that community, and he has said that the Cure’s music belongs to the audience as much as to the band, a generous statement that shows how much he values his fans.
He lives in Sussex with his wife Mary, whom he married in 1988, and he is known for being a private person, who does not seek out the cameras when he is not working. He likes to spend time at home, he likes to read, and he likes to write songs in his studio. He has also spoken about the importance of looking after your mental health, and about the need to talk about your feelings, especially for men who find it hard to do so. That openness is a sign of how much he has grown since he was a shy boy in Crawley.
His legacy is not just the songs he wrote for the Cure, although those songs will always be part of rock history. It is also the example of a musician who refused to change for fashion, who kept making music on his own terms, and who built a loyal audience around the world, by being honest, by being vulnerable, and by writing songs that help people feel less alone. He showed that a shy, sensitive person can become a rock star, by trusting his own vision and by refusing to give up.
He is still working, still writing, and still performing, and his story is not over. He has said that he wants to keep making music with the Cure for as long as he can, and that he wants to keep touring, for as long as the audience wants to hear them. He is a man who loves music, who loves his wife, and who has learned, through success and through loss, what really matters. That is a good place to be, and it is a good story to tell.
My Take:
I think Robert Smith is one of the most honest singers in British music, and I say that because his songs tell the truth about sadness, about love, and about feeling alone, in a way that few other singers do. When I listen to “Boys Don’t Cry”, I hear a song about a boy who tries to be strong, who tries not to cry, and who fails, and that failure is presented as a human, understandable thing, not as a weakness. That is a powerful message, especially for young men who are told not to cry, not to show their feelings, and to be tough all the time. Robert Smith tells them that it is okay to cry, and that crying does not make you less of a man. I think that message has helped millions of people.
I admire his voice, because it is so fragile and so expressive, and because it sounds like it is on the verge of breaking, even when it is singing a happy song. When he sings “Just Like Heaven”, I can hear the joy in his voice, and I can feel the love that the song is about. When he sings “Pictures of You”, I can hear the sadness in his voice, and I can feel the loss that the song is about. That range, from joy to sadness, is a sign of a singer who understands feelings, and who can share them with an audience. His voice is not the biggest voice in rock, but it is one of the most honest, and that honesty is what makes it special.
I also admire the way he has kept the Cure going for more than forty-five years, through changes in the band, through changes in the music business, and through changes in fashion. Many bands split up after a few years, but the Cure have kept going, because Robert has kept them going, by writing songs, by touring, and by refusing to give up. That persistence is rare, and it is one of the reasons I respect him. He is not a singer who became famous and then stopped. He is a singer who became famous and then kept working, year after year, even when it was hard.
What I find sad in his story is the darkness in his early work, and the depression that he has spoken about. He wrote “Pornography” at a time when he was drinking heavily and was unhappy, and the album is a dark, intense record that reflects that unhappiness. I think it is sad that he felt that way, but I also think it is brave that he wrote about it, and that he turned his pain into music that has helped other people. That is a difficult thing to do, and it is a sign of a real artist. He did not hide his sadness. He sang about it, and he let other people know that they were not alone.
I think “Disintegration” is his best album, and I think it is one of the best albums ever made in Britain. The songs are dark, romantic, and beautiful, and Robert’s voice on the album is at its best, fragile, intense, and full of feeling. “Lovesong” is a perfect love song, simple, direct, and honest, and it is still one of the most played songs in the Cure’s catalogue. I love the way he sings it, as if he is speaking directly to his wife, and as if the rest of the world does not exist. That is a mature way to write a love song, and it shows how far he had come as a songwriter.
I also think about his image, and about how it has become a symbol for people who feel different. His wild hair, his red lipstick, and his black clothes are instantly recognisable, and they have been copied by fans around the world. That image is not a costume. It is a way of expressing how he feels inside, and it has given comfort to people who feel different, who feel sad, and who feel that the world does not understand them. I think that is a powerful thing, to give people a way to express themselves through your image, as well as through your music.
If I have a criticism, it is that some of his music is hard to get into at first, because it is so dark and so atmospheric. “Pornography” and “Faith” are not easy listening, and some listeners will find them depressing. I understand that, because I also found them difficult at first, but I also think that music that is easy to understand at first is often easy to forget. Robert’s music rewards patience, and if you listen carefully, you will hear the beauty and the hope underneath the darkness. I would tell a new listener to start with “Boys Don’t Cry” and “Friday I’m in Love”, and then to try “Disintegration” when they are ready.
I also think about his marriage to Mary Poole, and about how long they have been together. They met as teenagers, they married in 1988, and they have been together for more than thirty-five years. That is a remarkable achievement, especially in the music business, where relationships often do not last. I think their marriage is a sign of Robert’s loyalty, and of his belief in love, even when life is hard. He wrote “Lovesong” for Mary, and that song is a testament to their relationship, and to the power of love to sustain a person through hard times.
For a young reader, I think the lesson from Robert Smith is to be honest about your feelings, to write about them, and to not be afraid to be different. He was a shy boy from Crawley, he wore black, he wore lipstick, and he wrote songs about sadness, and he became a rock star, not by changing himself, but by being himself. That is a powerful lesson for anyone who feels different, who feels sad, and who thinks that they do not fit in. You do not have to fit in to be loved. You can be yourself, and you can find people who love you for who you are.
I keep thinking about his concerts, and about how long and generous they are. He plays for three hours, he sings dozens of songs, and he gives the audience everything he has, night after night. That is a remarkable commitment, and it shows how much he respects his fans. He does not play a short set and then leave. He stays, he sings, and he makes sure that the audience hears the songs they came to hear, and the songs they did not know they wanted to hear. That generosity is rare, and it is one of the reasons his concerts are so special.
In the end, I think Robert Smith teaches us that sadness and joy can live in the same song, and that a singer who is honest about his feelings can help other people feel less alone. He started as a boy from Crawley, he became the frontman of the Cure, and he is still singing, still writing, and still wearing black, more than forty-five years later. I will remember him not just for “Boys Don’t Cry”, but for the long, dark, beautiful career that followed it, and for the way he proved that a shy person with a vision can change music.
I also think about his new album, “Songs of a Lost World”, and about how remarkable it is that a man in his sixties can still write great songs, after the death of his brother and his mother, and after so many years in the music business. The album is dark, it is sad, and it is beautiful, and it shows that Robert has not lost his ability to write a song that moves people. I think that is a hopeful message for older artists, and for anyone who thinks that creativity ends at a certain age. It does not. It can last a lifetime, if you keep working at it.
One more thought stays with me, and it is about his refusal to compromise. He has fought with record companies, he has argued with managers, and he has insisted on controlling the Cure’s work, from the songs to the album covers to the stage design. That independence has cost him money and fame, but it has also given him freedom, and that freedom is part of why the Cure’s music still feels so personal. I respect that independence, and I think it is a lesson for any artist who is told to change to fit a fashion. You do not have to change. You can be yourself, and the audience will find you.
Finally, I think about his future, and about what he will do next. He is in his sixties, he has a wife, and he has a long career behind him. He could retire, but I do not think he will. I think he will keep making music with the Cure, keep touring, and keep writing songs, because he loves music, and because he still has something to say. I hope he does, because his voice still matters, and his example still matters, to the young musicians who are starting out, with cheap guitars, writing their first songs, just as he did in Crawley all those years ago.
I also think about his fans, and about how loyal they are. The Cure’s fans have followed the band for more than forty years, they have passed their love on to their children, and they have created a community around the music. That loyalty is a sign of how much Robert’s songs mean to people, and it is a testament to the power of his words. A singer who can inspire that kind of loyalty, over forty years, must be doing something right.
Another thing I admire is the way he has kept his marriage to Mary Poole strong for more than thirty-five years. They met as teenagers, they married in 1988, and they have been together ever since, through fame, through loss, and through the ups and downs of the music business. That is a remarkable achievement, especially in a world where relationships often do not last. I think their marriage is a sign of Robert’s loyalty, and of his belief in love, even when life is hard.
I also think about his new album “Songs of a Lost World”, and about how remarkable it is that a man in his sixties can still write great songs, after the death of his brother and his mother, and after so many years in the music business. The album is dark, it is sad, and it is beautiful, and it shows that Robert has not lost his ability to write a song that moves people. I think that is a hopeful message for older artists, and for anyone who thinks that creativity ends at a certain age.
When I listen to his later work, I hear a musician who is still learning, still trying new things, and still willing to take risks, even after forty-five years in the band. The new album, the long concerts, and the continued touring all show a man who is not content to repeat himself. That willingness to keep learning is rare, and it is one of the reasons I respect him.
Finally, I think about his place in rock history, and about how he will be remembered. He will be remembered as the frontman of the Cure, as the writer of “Boys Don’t Cry” and “Just Like Heaven”, and as a shy, honest man from Crawley who became a rock star. That is a full, dark, and beautiful legacy, and it is one that deserves respect. I hope he keeps singing, keeps writing, and keeps wearing black, because his voice still matters.
I also think about his guitar playing, and about how distinctive it is. He does not play fast solos, and he does not show off. He plays simple, melodic lines that sound like rain, like wind, and like the feeling of being alone in a big city. That playing is a big part of the Cure’s sound, and it is one of the reasons the band sounds like no one else.
Frequently Asked Questions
Where was Robert Smith born and when?
Robert Smith was born Robert James Smith on 21 April 1959 in Blackpool, Lancashire, and he grew up in Crawley, West Sussex, where he formed the Cure.
What was the Cure’s first famous song?
The Cure’s first famous song was “Boys Don’t Cry”, released in June 1979, a short, jangly pop song about a boy who tries not to cry after losing a girl.
What is Disintegration by the Cure?
“Disintegration”, released in May 1989, is widely regarded as the Cure’s masterpiece, including “Lovesong”, “Pictures of You”, and “Fascination Street”.
Who is Robert Smith married to?
He is married to Mary Poole, whom he met as a teenager and married in 1988, and he wrote the song “Lovesong” for her as a declaration of love.
What is Friday I’m in Love about?
“Friday I’m in Love” is a bright, joyful song from the album “Wish” in 1992, about the happiness of Friday, the weekend, and being in love.
When were the Cure inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?
The Cure were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019, recognising their work as one of the most important bands of the last forty years.
What is the Cure’s latest album?
Their latest album is “Songs of a Lost World”, released in 2024, their first new album in sixteen years, praised for its dark, beautiful songs about loss and ageing.